Impact of sulfur and carbonaceous emissions from international shipping on aerosol distributions and direct radiative forcing.

This study indicates that international shipping can be a non-negligible factor in determining the radiative forcing of aerosols over specific regions with intensive ship activities. These places include the European, eastern Asian, and American coastal regions.

Wang, C., and D. Kim. "Impact of sulfur and carbonaceous emissions from international shipping on aerosol distributions and direct radiative forcing." MIT Global Change Joint Program, Report 159, Apr 2008.